Praseo verbs - Revision history

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The Praseo verb is highly inflected for tense, aspect, evidentiality, and focus, but it does not have any agreement for person, number, or any other categories. The core inflectional paradigm of the verb is supplemented by a set of particles which indicate mood and politeness.

Throughout this discussion we will use the verb ''śeśya'' "to crush, to grind" as paradigmatic.

= Verb stems and aspect =

Most Praseo verbs share a stem with a corresponding noun, and by convention the verb is described as being derived from the noun (though in many cases the direction of derivation is arguably in the other direction, or is arbitrary). All noun stems end with a vowel which indicates the noun class (see [[Praseo nouns]]), and this vowel is dropped to provide the ''root stem'' from which verbs are derived.

== The four aspects ==

There are four different endings which may be attached to the root stem, which are known as the four ''aspects'' of the verb.

The '''simple''' aspect of the verb is formed by adding ''-ya'' to the root stem. This ending triggers palatalization of stem-final velars and affrication of stem-final dentals (see [[Praseo_phonology#Palatalization]] and [[Praseo_phonology#Affrication]]).

{|
!Noun form
!Root stem
!Simple verb form
|-
|śutta
|śutt-
|śuttsya
|-
|zaka
|zak-
|začya
|-
|tsipa
|tsip-
|tsipya
|}

The simple aspect refers to a single instance of an action, without reference to its telicity, distribution, or frequency. It is the most general and most commonly used aspect.

The '''habitual''' aspect of the verb is formed by adding ''-oa'' to the root stem. This ending triggers affrication of stem-final dentals.

{|
!Root stem
!Simple verb form
|-
|śutt-
|śuttsoa
|-
|zak-
|zakoa
|-
|tsip-
|tsipoa
|}

The habitual aspect refers to an action which is repeated, widely distributed, or regular. In the preterite tense it has a meaning similar to the English phrase "used to".

The '''causative''' aspect is formed by adding ''-ãya'' to the root stem.

{|
!Root stem
!Simple verb form
|-
|śutt-
|śuttãya
|-
|zak-
|zakãya
|-
|tsip-
|tsipãya
|}

The causative indicates that the subject caused the object to do the action indicated by the stem. This is a valency-increasing aspect: verbs which are intransitive in the simple or habitual aspects are transitive in the causative aspect, and transitives become ditransitives:

<pre>Nioa hapẽo śeśya.
I corn-ACC grind.</pre>
''I grind corn.''

<pre>Nioa yirẽoa ma hapẽo śeśãya.
I boy-ACC corn-ACC grind-CAUSE.</pre>
''I make the boy grind corn.''

Note that in the second example above there are two accusative arguments, the second of which is preceded by ''ma''. This is discussed in more detail in [[Praseo_syntax]].

The '''habitual causative''' aspect is formed by adding ''-ača'' to the root stem of the verb.

{|
!Root stem
!Simple verb form
|-
|śutt-
|śuttača
|-
|zak-
|zakača
|-
|tsip-
|tsipača
|}

The meaning of the habitual causative is a straightforward conjunction of the habitual and causative aspects, and it indicates that someone causes someone else to undertake a habitual or regular action.

= Tense and evidentiality =

The Praseo categories of ''tense'' and ''evidentiality'' are always conflated, with a single morpheme for present affirmative, etc. Praseo distinguishes only two tenses: present and preterite. It also distinguishes three kinds of evidentiality: affirmative, negative, and reported. These endings do not vary based on the aspect of the verb. The endings for these categories are indicated in the following table:

{|
!Tense
!Affirmative
!Negative
!Reported
|-
|''Present''
|śeśya
|śeśyatsi
|śeśyasa
|-
|''Preterite''
|śeśyalu
|śeśyara
|śeśyao
|}

The ''present'' tense is used to indicate all sorts of non-past actions, including future actions and actions which began in the past and continue into the present. The ''preterite'' tense is used for completed past actions.

The ''affirmative'' and ''negative'' categories are used for information which the speaker personally attests to. Use of either of these forms does not necessarily mean that the speaker was a direct witness to the action being described, but if the speaker was not a direct witness then these forms indicate that the speaker considers the source to be beyond reproach, and the speaker has total confidence in the information given. Past events which have entered into common knowledge are discussed in the past affirmative, regardless of whether the speaker was a witness to those events.

The ''reported'' category indicates that the speaker is giving information which is second-hand, unclear, or uncertain. The use of the reported form indicates that the speaker is not confident in the information, and that there is doubt as to whether the statement is actually true.

There are complicated social dynamics involved in choosing to relate a second-hand story in the reported or the affirmative/negative forms. When first relating a piece of second-hand news to a new listener, Praseo speakers will always use the reported form and avoid the affirmative. The presence of a second corroborating source will not always suffice to give the speakers confidence to use the affirmative form, but if a third speaker can be found who corroborates the information, then all speakers will switch to the affirmative rather than the reported form. Failing to switch to the affirmative form when the other speakers switch is seen as casting doubt on their truthfulness and may provoke offense. Conversely, switching to the affirmative form too quickly may indicate to others that you are a hasty and untrustworthy person.

Non-native speakers of Praseo are generally encouraged to use the reported form of the verb to discuss events which they don't have direct knowledge of, and to follow the lead of the native Praseo speakers when they switch to the affirmative/negative forms.

= =

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ''Stative'' verbs are those verbs which indicate a state which the subject is in. Many of these verbs correspond to things which would be adjectives in English. This includes verbs such as ''yaoya'' &quot;to be blue&quot; and ''śeomya'' &quot;to sleep, to be asleep&quot;. Notably, verbs which indicate emotions are always considered stative verbs, and these verbs may be transitive. However, the object of a transitive stative verb occurs in the dative rather than the accusative.
-<pre>Dusu oalú     solya.
+<pre>Dusu oalú     saozya.
 Bird wolf-DAT fears.</pre>
 ''The bird is afraid of the wolf.''
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ''Active'' verbs are those verbs which indicate an action which the subject undertakes. Active verbs may be transitive or intransitive, and they don't necessarily imply motion or action, but may include any action which is conceived of as an event rather than a state. Typical active verbs are ''śeśya'' &quot;to grind&quot; and ''tsipya'' &quot;to vomit&quot;.
-Active verbs are further subdivided into ''telic'' and ''atelic'' verbs. The ''telic'' verbs are those which are conceived as having a duration with a beginning, middle, and end, while ''atelic'' verbs are considered unitary and have no internal structure. A typical telic verb is ''śenya'' &quot;to stay, remain,&quot; while a common atelic verb is ''ašya'' &quot;to fall&quot;. Atelic verbs are distinguished by the fact that they don't occur in the perfective tense, but only in the imperfective.
+Active verbs are further subdivided into ''telic'' and ''atelic'' verbs. The ''telic'' verbs are those which are conceived as having a duration with a beginning, middle, and end, while ''atelic'' verbs are considered unitary and have no internal structure. A typical telic verb is ''śenya'' &quot;to stay, remain,&quot; while a common atelic verb is ''ašya'' &quot;to fall&quot;. Atelic verbs are distinguished by the fact that they don't occur in the perfective tense, but only in the preterite.
 == Aspectual endings ==
@@ Line 340: / Line 340: @@
 I    corn-ACC crush POT.</pre>
 ''I could crush the corn.''
 The modal particles are frequently combined to create subtler nuances of meaning. The order of the particles in this situation is not strictly specified, but there is a strong tendency for ''ka'' and ''ta'' to come first if they occur.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:53, 4 January 2015
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		+	[[Category:Prasa]][[Category:Praseo language]]
		+
	The Praseo verb is highly inflected for tense, aspect, evidentiality, and focus, but it does not have any agreement for person, number, or any other categories. The core inflectional paradigm of the verb is supplemented by a set of particles which indicate mood and politeness.		The Praseo verb is highly inflected for tense, aspect, evidentiality, and focus, but it does not have any agreement for person, number, or any other categories. The core inflectional paradigm of the verb is supplemented by a set of particles which indicate mood and politeness.

@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 |śeomaša
 |}
 The '''habitual''' aspect of the verb is formed by adding ''-oa'' to the root stem of an active verb. Only active verbs have a habitual aspect, and the habitual form of the verb is necessarily telic. This ending triggers affrication of stem-final dentals.
@@ Line 268: / Line 270: @@
 |-
 |crushes us
-|śeśyaoi
+|śeśyei
 |-
 |crushes you (m.sg.)
@@ Line 356: / Line 358: @@
 = Participles =
 == Active and passive participles ==
 == Stative participles ==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Most Praseo verbs share a stem with a corresponding noun, and by convention the verb is described as being derived from the noun (though in many cases the direction of derivation is arguably in the other direction, or is arbitrary). All noun stems end with a vowel which indicates the noun class (see [[Praseo nouns]]), and this vowel is dropped to provide the ''root stem'' from which verbs are derived.
 There are four different endings which may be attached to the root stem, which are known as the four ''aspects'' of the verb.
@@ Line 37: / Line 35: @@
 {|
 !Root stem
-!Simple verb form
+!Habitual verb form
 |-
 |śutt-
@@ Line 55: / Line 53: @@
 {|
 !Root stem
-!Simple verb form
+!Causative verb form
 |-
 |śutt-
@@ Line 83: / Line 81: @@
 {|
 !Root stem
-!Simple verb form
+!Habitual causative verb form
 |-
 |śutt-
@@ Line 127: / Line 125: @@
 Non-native speakers of Praseo are generally encouraged to use the reported form of the verb to discuss events which they don't have direct knowledge of, and to follow the lead of the native Praseo speakers when they switch to the affirmative/negative forms.