Difference between revisions of "Praseo nouns"

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[[Category:Prasa]] [[Category:Praseo language]]
  
[[Category:Prasa]]
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The Praseo noun is inflected for case and number, across five different noun classes. There are six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, dative, and construct; and two numbers: singular and plural. The five different noun classes have a vague semantic basis, but with numerous exceptions and inconsistency.
[[Category:Praseo language]]
 
  
The Praseo noun is inflected for case and number, across five different noun classes. There
+
= Nominal paradigms =
are six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, dative, and construct; and
 
two numbers: singular and plural. The five different noun classes have a vague semantic
 
basis, but with numerous exceptions and inconsistency.
 
  
# Nominal paradigms
+
== A-Class Nouns ==
  
## A-Class Nouns
+
The a-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel ''-a'' in the singular and the final vowel ''-i'' in the plural in most cases. The A-class nouns contain male humans, most female animals, and a few inanimate nouns.
  
The a-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel *-a* in the singular and the final
+
eza "father"
vowel *-i* in the plural in most cases. The A-class nouns contain male humans, most female
 
animals, and a few inanimate nouns.
 
  
eza "father"
+
{|
 +
!Case
 +
!Sg
 +
!Pl
 +
|-
 +
|''Nom''
 +
|eza
 +
|ezi
 +
|-
 +
|''Acc''
 +
|ezẽoa
 +
|ezẽoi
 +
|-
 +
|''Gen''
 +
|ezanda
 +
|ezanzi
 +
|-
 +
|''Instr''
 +
|ezõ
 +
|ezẽi
 +
|-
 +
|''Dat''
 +
|ezoa
 +
|ezuśi
 +
|-
 +
|''Cons''
 +
|ezei
 +
|ezeira
 +
|}
  
Case    Sg          Pl
+
== E-Class Nouns ==
----    --          --
 
*Nom*    eza        ezi
 
*Acc*    ezẽoa      ezẽoi
 
*Gen*    ezanda      ezanzi
 
*Instr*  ezõ        ezẽi
 
*Dat*    ezoa        ezuśi
 
*Cons*    ezei        ezeira
 
  
## E-Class Nouns
+
The E-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel ''-e'' in the singular and the vowel ''-a'' in the plural. The E-class nouns contain female humans, some abstract nouns, some female animals, and a few inanimate nouns. It is notable that the plural desinence for this class is ''-a'', same as the singular desinence for A-class nouns, and that this reversal repeats itself throughout the paradigm, most notably in the instrumental, for which the desinences are precisely reversed.
  
The E-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel *-e* in the singular and the vowel
+
yiśe "girl"
*-a* in the plural. The E-class nouns contain female humans, some abstract nouns, some
 
female animals, and a few inanimate nouns. It is notable that the plural desinence for this
 
class is *-a*, same as the singular desinence for A-class nouns, and that this reversal
 
repeats itself throughout the paradigm, most notably in the instrumental, for which the
 
desinences are precisely reversed.
 
  
yiśe "girl"
+
{|
 +
!Case
 +
!Sg
 +
!Pl
 +
|-
 +
|''Nom''
 +
|yiśe
 +
|yiśa
 +
|-
 +
|''Acc''
 +
|yiśẽoe
 +
|yiśẽoa
 +
|-
 +
|''Gen''
 +
|yiśande
 +
|yiśanda
 +
|-
 +
|''Instr''
 +
|yiśẽi
 +
|yiśõ
 +
|-
 +
|''Dat''
 +
|yiśoe
 +
|yiśuśa
 +
|-
 +
|''Cons''
 +
|yiśei
 +
|yiśeira
 +
|}
  
Case    Sg          Pl
+
== U-Class Nouns ==
----    --          --
 
*Nom*    yiśe        yiśa
 
*Acc*    yiśẽoe      yiśẽoa
 
*Gen*    yiśande    yiśanda
 
*Instr*  yiśẽi      yiśõ
 
*Dat*    yiśoe      yiśuśa
 
*Cons*    yiśei      yiśeira
 
  
## U-Class Nouns
+
The U-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel ''-u'' in the singular and the vowel ''-i'' in the plural. The U-class nouns contain male animals and most inanimate nouns.
  
The U-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel *-u* in the singular and the vowel
+
razu "head"
*-i* in the plural. The U-class nouns contain male animals and most inanimate nouns.
 
  
razu "head"
+
{|
 +
!Case
 +
!Sg
 +
!Pl
 +
|-
 +
|''Nom''
 +
|razu
 +
|razi
 +
|-
 +
|''Acc''
 +
|razẽo
 +
|razẽi
 +
|-
 +
|''Gen''
 +
|razanzu
 +
|razanzi
 +
|-
 +
|''Instr''
 +
|razõ
 +
|razẽi
 +
|-
 +
|''Dat''
 +
|razú
 +
|razuśi
 +
|-
 +
|''Cons''
 +
|razí
 +
|razira
 +
|}
  
Case    Sg          Pl
+
== N-Class Nouns ==
----    --          --
 
*Nom*    razu        razi
 
*Acc*    razẽo      razẽi
 
*Gen*    razanzu    razanzi
 
*Instr*  razõ        razẽi
 
*Dat*    razú        razuśi
 
*Cons*    razí        razira
 
  
## N-Class Nouns
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The N-class nouns are characterized by a final vowel ''-ã'' in the nominative singular, and a nasalized final vowel throughout the paradigm. They also have a high degree of homophony between the various forms. N-class nouns generally refer to humans and are derived from verbs or other nouns via an agentive suffix.
  
The N-class nouns are characterized by a final vowel *-ã* in the nominative singular, and a
+
akã "chief"
nasalized final vowel throughout the paradigm. They also have a high degree of homophony
 
between the various forms. N-class nouns generally refer to humans and are derived from
 
verbs or other nouns via an agentive suffix.
 
  
akã "chief"
+
{|
 +
!Case
 +
!Sg
 +
!Pl
 +
|-
 +
|''Nom''
 +
|akã
 +
|akẽi
 +
|-
 +
|''Acc''
 +
|akãoa
 +
|akãoi
 +
|-
 +
|''Gen''
 +
|akanda
 +
|akanzi
 +
|-
 +
|''Instr''
 +
|akãoa
 +
|akãoi
 +
|-
 +
|''Dat''
 +
|akãoa
 +
|akãośi
 +
|-
 +
|''Cons''
 +
|akẽi
 +
|akẽira
 +
|}
  
Case    Sg          Pl
+
== I-Class Nouns ==
----    --          --
 
*Nom*    akã        akẽi
 
*Acc*    akãoa      akãoi
 
*Gen*    akanda      akanzi
 
*Instr*  akãoa      akãoi
 
*Dat*    akãoa      akãośi
 
*Cons*    akẽi        akẽira
 
  
## I-Class Nouns
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The I-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel ''-i'' and lack a plural form. They typically refer to animates which are neither human nor animal (such as fire, wind, lightning, and spirits) and to abstract nouns.
  
The I-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel *-i* and lack a plural form. They
+
jili "fire"
typically refer to animates which are neither human nor animal (such as fire, wind,
 
lightning, and spirits) and to abstract nouns.
 
  
jili "fire"
+
{|
 +
!Case
 +
!Sg
 +
|-
 +
|''Nom''
 +
|jili
 +
|-
 +
|''Acc''
 +
|jilẽoi
 +
|-
 +
|''Gen''
 +
|jilanzi
 +
|-
 +
|''Instr''
 +
|jilẽi
 +
|-
 +
|''Dat''
 +
|jiluśi
 +
|-
 +
|''Cons''
 +
|jilí
 +
|}
  
Case    Sg
+
= Uses of the Cases =
----    --
 
*Nom*    jili
 
*Acc*    jilẽoi
 
*Gen*    jilanzi
 
*Instr*  jilẽi
 
*Dat*    jiluśi
 
*Cons*    jilí
 
 
 
# Uses of the Cases
 
  
 
The following list gives only the most prototypical use of the cases with a few examples.
 
The following list gives only the most prototypical use of the cases with a few examples.
  
The **nominative** case is used for the subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs, as in
+
The '''nominative''' case is used for the subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs, as in most Indo-European languages. Additionally, it is the case used for the objects of a few prepositions. The '''accusative''' case is used for the patient of transitive verbs.
most Indo-European languages. Additionally, it is the case used for the objects of a few
 
prepositions. The **accusative** case is used for the patient of transitive verbs.
 
  
 
Example of nominative and accusative cases:
 
Example of nominative and accusative cases:
  
    Yira      čipẽo  kazẽya
+
<pre>Yira      čipẽo  kazẽya
    Child-NOM jar-ACC breaks.
+
Child-NOM jar-ACC breaks.</pre>
*The child breaks the jar.*
+
''The child breaks the jar.''
  
The **instrumental** case is used to indicate the tools or instrument by which an action
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The '''instrumental''' case is used to indicate the tools or instrument by which an action occurs, the cause or reason for an action, or the agent of a passive verb.
occurs, the cause or reason for an action, or the agent of a passive verb.
 
  
        Urhõ        śeśyatsu.
+
<pre>    Urhõ        śeśyatsu.
    (I) hammer-INST crush-it.
+
(I) hammer-INST crush-it.</pre>
*I crush it with a hammer.*
+
''I crush it with a hammer.''
  
The **dative** case is used with reference to people to indicate the recipient or
+
The '''dative''' case is used with reference to people to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. With words indicating times or places, the dative indicates location. The objects of most prepositions are in the dative case, as well.
beneficiary of an action. With words indicating times or places, the dative indicates
 
location. The objects of most prepositions are in the dative case, as well.
 
  
    Nioa  uyẽoa    enzoe      taomya.
+
<pre>Nioa  uyẽoa    enzoe      taomya.
    I-NOM fish-ACC  sister-DAT give.
+
I-NOM fish-ACC  sister-DAT give.</pre>
*I give a fish to my sister.*
+
''I give a fish to my sister.''
  
    Oirdazú    dasu    umya.
+
<pre>Oirdazú    dasu    umya.
    Forest-DAT bird-NOM flies.
+
Forest-DAT bird-NOM flies.</pre>
*The bird flies in the forest.*
+
''The bird flies in the forest.''
  
The **genitive** and **construct** case are used together in the possessive construction.
+
The '''genitive''' and '''construct''' case are used together in the possessive construction. The possessor is placed in the genitive case, and the possessum is placed in the construct case. In this construction, any other case that the possessum would normally have due to its position as the object of a verb or of a preposition is ignored.
The possessor is placed in the genitive case, and the possessum is placed in the construct
 
case. In this construction, any other case that the possessum would normally have due to its
 
position as the object of a verb or of a preposition is ignored.
 
  
    Nioa  zulí      ezande    śenya.
+
<pre>Nioa  zulí      ezande    śenya.
    I-NOM house-CONS mother-GEN stay.
+
I-NOM house-CONS mother-GEN stay.</pre>
*I stay in my mother's house.*
+
''I stay in my mother's house.''
  
Note in this example that the word *zulu* "house" would normally occur in the dative case,
+
Note in this example that the word ''zulu'' &quot;house&quot; would normally occur in the dative case, indicating location, but that due to the possessive construction the dative ending is replaced with the construct.
indicating location, but that due to the possessive construction the dative ending is
 
replaced with the construct.
 

Revision as of 12:01, 23 February 2015


The Praseo noun is inflected for case and number, across five different noun classes. There are six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, dative, and construct; and two numbers: singular and plural. The five different noun classes have a vague semantic basis, but with numerous exceptions and inconsistency.

Nominal paradigms

A-Class Nouns

The a-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel -a in the singular and the final vowel -i in the plural in most cases. The A-class nouns contain male humans, most female animals, and a few inanimate nouns.

eza "father"

Case Sg Pl
Nom eza ezi
Acc ezẽoa ezẽoi
Gen ezanda ezanzi
Instr ezõ ezẽi
Dat ezoa ezuśi
Cons ezei ezeira

E-Class Nouns

The E-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel -e in the singular and the vowel -a in the plural. The E-class nouns contain female humans, some abstract nouns, some female animals, and a few inanimate nouns. It is notable that the plural desinence for this class is -a, same as the singular desinence for A-class nouns, and that this reversal repeats itself throughout the paradigm, most notably in the instrumental, for which the desinences are precisely reversed.

yiśe "girl"

Case Sg Pl
Nom yiśe yiśa
Acc yiśẽoe yiśẽoa
Gen yiśande yiśanda
Instr yiśẽi yiśõ
Dat yiśoe yiśuśa
Cons yiśei yiśeira

U-Class Nouns

The U-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel -u in the singular and the vowel -i in the plural. The U-class nouns contain male animals and most inanimate nouns.

razu "head"

Case Sg Pl
Nom razu razi
Acc razẽo razẽi
Gen razanzu razanzi
Instr razõ razẽi
Dat razú razuśi
Cons razí razira

N-Class Nouns

The N-class nouns are characterized by a final vowel in the nominative singular, and a nasalized final vowel throughout the paradigm. They also have a high degree of homophony between the various forms. N-class nouns generally refer to humans and are derived from verbs or other nouns via an agentive suffix.

akã "chief"

Case Sg Pl
Nom akã akẽi
Acc akãoa akãoi
Gen akanda akanzi
Instr akãoa akãoi
Dat akãoa akãośi
Cons akẽi akẽira

I-Class Nouns

The I-class nouns are characterized by the final vowel -i and lack a plural form. They typically refer to animates which are neither human nor animal (such as fire, wind, lightning, and spirits) and to abstract nouns.

jili "fire"

Case Sg
Nom jili
Acc jilẽoi
Gen jilanzi
Instr jilẽi
Dat jiluśi
Cons jilí

Uses of the Cases

The following list gives only the most prototypical use of the cases with a few examples.

The nominative case is used for the subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs, as in most Indo-European languages. Additionally, it is the case used for the objects of a few prepositions. The accusative case is used for the patient of transitive verbs.

Example of nominative and accusative cases:

Yira      čipẽo  kazẽya
Child-NOM jar-ACC breaks.

The child breaks the jar.

The instrumental case is used to indicate the tools or instrument by which an action occurs, the cause or reason for an action, or the agent of a passive verb.

    Urhõ        śeśyatsu.
(I) hammer-INST crush-it.

I crush it with a hammer.

The dative case is used with reference to people to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. With words indicating times or places, the dative indicates location. The objects of most prepositions are in the dative case, as well.

Nioa  uyẽoa     enzoe      taomya.
I-NOM fish-ACC  sister-DAT give.

I give a fish to my sister.

Oirdazú    dasu     umya.
Forest-DAT bird-NOM flies.

The bird flies in the forest.

The genitive and construct case are used together in the possessive construction. The possessor is placed in the genitive case, and the possessum is placed in the construct case. In this construction, any other case that the possessum would normally have due to its position as the object of a verb or of a preposition is ignored.

Nioa  zulí       ezande     śenya.
I-NOM house-CONS mother-GEN stay.

I stay in my mother's house.

Note in this example that the word zulu "house" would normally occur in the dative case, indicating location, but that due to the possessive construction the dative ending is replaced with the construct.