http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&feed=atom&action=historyPraseo phonology - Revision history2024-03-29T10:21:02ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.0http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=183&oldid=prevJaspax: Updated from markdown source2023-05-08T00:53:38Z<p>Updated from markdown source</p>
<a href="http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=183&oldid=168">Show changes</a>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=168&oldid=prevJaspax: Updated from markdown source2023-05-08T00:21:43Z<p>Updated from markdown source</p>
<a href="http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=168&oldid=127">Show changes</a>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=127&oldid=prevJaspax: Updated from markdown source2016-06-01T09:27:17Z<p>Updated from markdown source</p>
<a href="http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=127&oldid=73">Show changes</a>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=73&oldid=prevJaspax: Bot updated 14264747052015-03-16T02:59:43Z<p>Bot updated 1426474705</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-content" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:59, 16 March 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l225" >Line 225:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 225:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A word such as ''niśa'' is pronounced [ɳiʂa], with the initial ''n'' assimilated to a retroflex in accordance with the following ''ś''. This can apply to multiple segments across multiple syllables: the word ''dusiśa'' is [ɖuʂiʂa], with all three coronal obstruents pronounced as retroflex. Note, however, that this is a form of the word ''dusu'', which in its root form reveals that the underlying segments are non-retroflex, and the orthography reflects this, marking only the last ''ś'' in the word as retroflex. More generally, since ''ś'' is the only phonemic retroflex, there is no orthographic indication of retroflexion on the stops ''t'' or ''d'', and ''s'' is only written as the retroflex ''ś'' if it is phonemically retroflex.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A word such as ''niśa'' is pronounced [ɳiʂa], with the initial ''n'' assimilated to a retroflex in accordance with the following ''ś''. This can apply to multiple segments across multiple syllables: the word ''dusiśa'' is [ɖuʂiʂa], with all three coronal obstruents pronounced as retroflex. Note, however, that this is a form of the word ''dusu'', which in its root form reveals that the underlying segments are non-retroflex, and the orthography reflects this, marking only the last ''ś'' in the word as retroflex. More generally, since ''ś'' is the only phonemic retroflex, there is no orthographic indication of retroflexion on the stops ''t'' or ''d'', and ''s'' is only written as the retroflex ''ś'' if it is phonemically retroflex.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The palatals ''č'', ''j'', and ''š'', are also assimilated to other coronals. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, the affrication of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stops </del>''č'' and ''j'' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is entirely automatic</del>: if an underlying ''č'' is assimilated to a dental, then it becomes ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">t</del>'' (the affrication is lost), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>if an underlying ''t'' is assimilated to a palatal it becomes ''č'' (a palatal affricate).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The palatals ''č'', ''j'', and ''š'', are also assimilated to other coronals. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">affricates </ins>''č'' and ''j'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are assimilated to another place of articulation, they remain affricates</ins>: if an underlying ''č'' is assimilated to a dental, then it becomes ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ts</ins>'' (the affrication is lost)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. This can result in affricates such as [ʈʂ] and [ɖʐ] which do not otherwise occur in Praseo. However</ins>, if an underlying <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unaffricated stop such as </ins>''t'' is assimilated to a palatal it becomes <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">automatically affricated to </ins>''č'' (a palatal affricate).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Examples:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l239" >Line 239:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 239:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|align="center"|ličitsu</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|align="center"|ličitsu</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|align="center"|[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lititsu</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|align="center"|[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">litsitsu</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Underlying palatal ''č'' is assimilated to [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">t</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>from following ''ts''; affrication is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lost</del>. Orthography indicates underlying form.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Underlying palatal ''č'' is assimilated to [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ts</ins>] from following ''ts''; affrication is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">preserved</ins>. Orthography indicates underlying form.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|align="center"|nuči</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|align="center"|nuči</div></td></tr>
</table>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=68&oldid=prevJaspax: Bot updated 14247180342015-02-23T19:01:26Z<p>Bot updated 1424718034</p>
<a href="http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=68&oldid=55">Show changes</a>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=55&oldid=prevJaspax: Bot updated 14210881772015-01-12T18:43:08Z<p>Bot updated 1421088177</p>
<a href="http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=55&oldid=40">Show changes</a>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=40&oldid=prevJaspax: Bot updated 14203941482015-01-04T17:53:45Z<p>Bot updated 1420394148</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:53, 4 January 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Prasa]][[Category:Praseo language]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Consonants =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Consonants =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=28&oldid=prevJaspax: Bot updated 14114423182014-09-23T03:18:16Z<p>Bot updated 1411442318</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:18, 23 September 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l293" >Line 293:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 293:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Affrication ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Affrication ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dental stops ''t'' and ''d'' are affricated into ''ts'' and ''z'' (historically ''dz'', but simplified in Praseo) respectively when the following affix is one of the following:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dental stops ''t'' and ''d'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at the end of a stem </ins>are affricated into ''ts'' and ''z'' (historically ''dz'', but simplified in Praseo) respectively when the following affix is one of the following:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The plural ending ''-i''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The plural ending ''-i''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l299" >Line 299:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 299:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The finite verbal ending ''-ya''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The finite verbal ending ''-ya''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The participle ending ''-eo''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The participle ending ''-eo''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Throughout the U-class noun paradigm</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This list is similar to the list of affixes which causes palatalization, but not identical.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, the word ''rada'' &quot;leader, chief&quot; has the following forms:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, the word ''rada'' &quot;leader, chief&quot; has the following forms:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l311" >Line 311:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 308:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* razeo ''leading''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* razeo ''leading''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The final item on the list deserves special mention. </del>When a given stem forms both a U-class noun and another noun in some other word class, the final consonant of the stem is affricated in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this </del>manner throughout the U-class paradigm. Thus, the stem ''rad-'' gives us both ''rada'' &quot;leader&quot; and ''razu'' &quot;head (of the body)&quot;, and the word ''razu'' uses the stem ''raz-'' in all cases and numbers. Thus you have the following forms, for contrast:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When a given stem forms both a U-class noun and another noun in some other word class, the final consonant of the stem is affricated in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like </ins>manner throughout the U-class paradigm. Thus, the stem ''rad-'' gives us both ''rada'' &quot;leader&quot; and ''razu'' &quot;head (of the body)&quot;, and the word ''razu'' uses the stem ''raz-'' in all cases and numbers. Thus you have the following forms, for contrast:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{|</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{|</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l335" >Line 335:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 332:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As this illustrates, the final ''z'' of the stem is preserved throughout the paradigm of ''razu'', even in those cases which do not trigger affrication of the ''d'' in the paradigm of ''rada''. This serves to distinguish the dative plural forms, which would otherwise be identical.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As this illustrates, the final ''z'' of the stem is preserved throughout the paradigm of ''razu'', even in those cases which do not trigger affrication of the ''d'' in the paradigm of ''rada''. This serves to distinguish the dative plural forms, which would otherwise be identical<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. See the full declension of ''razu'' [[Praseo%20nouns#U-Class%20Nouns|on the noun declension page]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=27&oldid=prevJaspax: Bot updated 14103189872014-09-10T03:16:26Z<p>Bot updated 1410318987</p>
<a href="http://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=27&oldid=21">Show changes</a>Jaspaxhttp://jsbangs.conlang.org/index.php?title=Praseo_phonology&diff=21&oldid=prevJaspax: Bot updated 14102307852014-09-09T02:46:23Z<p>Bot updated 1410230785</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>= Consonants =<br />
<br />
== Phoneme set and standard orthography ==<br />
<br />
The following chart gives all of the consonant phonemes in Praseo in the linguistic orthography, together with their core phonetic values.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!<br />
!Labial<br />
!Dental<br />
!Retroflex<br />
!Palatal<br />
!Velar<br />
|-<br />
|''Voiceless stop''<br />
|''p'' [p]<br />
|''t'' [t]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''k'' [k]<br />
|-<br />
|''Voiced stop''<br />
|''b'' [b]<br />
|''d'' [d]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''g'' [g]<br />
|-<br />
|''Voiceless fricative''<br />
|<br />
|''s'' [s]<br />
|''ś'' [ʂ]<br />
|''š'' [ɕ]<br />
|''h'' [x]<br />
|-<br />
|''Voiced fricative''<br />
|<br />
|''z'' [z]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Voiceless affricate''<br />
|<br />
|''ts'' [ts]<br />
|<br />
|''č'' [tɕ]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Voiced affricate''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''j'' [dʑ]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Nasal''<br />
|''m'' [m]<br />
|''n'' [n]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Liquid''<br />
|<br />
|''l'' [l]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''r'' [r]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Semivowel''<br />
|''o'' [w]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|''y'' [j]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The most peculiar aspect of the orthography is that the semivowel [w] is consistently rendered as ''o'', regardless of position in the word. Thus, the word ''oirde'' is [wirde], and ''taoma'' is [tawma]. The phoneme [j], on the other hand, is only spelled as ''y'' when it is a syllable onset; as the second part of a diphthong it's spelled ''i'', giving ''yalu'' [jalu], but ''aisa'' [ajsa].<br />
<br />
= Vowels =<br />
<br />
Praseo has four oral vowels, three nasal vowels, and three diphthongs which can also be nasalized.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!align="center"|Oral vowels<br />
!align="center"|Nasal vowels<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|i u<br />
|align="center"|<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|e<br />
|align="center"|ẽ [ɛ̃] õ [ɔ̃]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|a<br />
|align="center"|ã [ã]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Diphthongs ==<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!align="center"|Oral diphthongs<br />
!align="center"|Nasal diphthongs<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|ei [ej]<br />
|align="center"|ẽi [ɛ̃j]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|eo [ew]<br />
|align="center"|ẽo [ɛ̃w]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|ao [aw]<br />
|align="center"|ão [ãw]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
All of the diphthongs in Praseo are falling diphthongs, and the exact quality of the second part of the diphthong is not explicitly specified. I've shown them above as semivowels, but the second part of ''ei'' may be as low as [ɪ], and the second part of ''ao'' may be [ɔ]. In nasalized diphthongs, the nasalization generally holds throughout the nasalized syllable.<br />
<br />
== Stress placement ==<br />
<br />
Praseo has a very strong word-level stress, which is predictable based on the morphology and phonology of the word. Stress in a Praseo word falls on the ''penultimate'' syllable, unless:<br />
<br />
* The final syllable is morphologically marked as stressed (as in a few noun cases and verb forms)<br />
* The final syllable is nasalized<br />
* The final syllable contains a diphthong<br />
<br />
In these cases, the final syllable is stressed.<br />
<br />
Morphologically stressed final syllables are indicated with an acute accent on the vowel. This is the only way to distinguish between, for example, ''razi'' [ˈra.zi] (&quot;heads (nom.pl.)&quot;) and ''razí'' [raˈzi] (&quot;head (construct sg.)&quot;). Other cases in which the final syllable is stressed are not marked, since the final stress can be inferred from the nasalization of the final vowel or the presence of a diphthong.<br />
<br />
Because Praseo stress is so regular, it is not usually indicated in my phonetic transcriptions.<br />
<br />
= Book orthography =<br />
<br />
The orthography given above is used for precise transliterations of Praseo, and is used throughout this site and in the Praseo lexicon. However, a slightly different orthography is used for names and bits of text which occur in ''Storm Bride'' and other books featuring the Praseo language. (See [[Why I Use a Book Orthography]].)<br />
<br />
For the Praseo book orthography, the following substitutions are made:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!align="center"|Standard orthography<br />
!align="center"|Book orthography<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|ś<br />
|align="center"|s<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|š<br />
|align="center"|sh<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|č<br />
|align="center"|ch<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|ẽ<br />
|align="center"|e<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|ã<br />
|align="center"|a<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|õ<br />
|align="center"|o<br />
|}<br />
<br />
As a consequence of these substitutions, there are no diacritics found in the book orthography of Praseo: nasal vowels are not distinguished from oral vowels, and the phonemes ''s'' [s] and ''ś'' [ʂ] are not distinguished.<br />
<br />
= Allophonic processes =<br />
<br />
== Nasalization and nasal place assimilation ==<br />
<br />
Sound changes early in the history of Praseo resulted in most coda nasals being lost and converted to nasalization on the preceding vowel. However, when the coda nasal was immediately followed by an obstruent (stop or fricative), the nasal is retained in pronunciation and orthography, and is pronounced at the same place of articulation as the following stop. These homoorganic stops are always written with ''n'' except when followed by a labial, in which case they are written with ''n''.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!align="center"|Orthography<br />
!align="center"|Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|mb<br />
|align="center"|[mb]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|nd<br />
|align="center"|[nd]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|nś<br />
|align="center"|[ɳʂ]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|nj<br />
|align="center"|[ɲʑ]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|ng<br />
|align="center"|[ŋg]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels preceding such syllable-final nasals are still nasalized, but they are written without the tilde.<br />
<br />
Vowel nasalization spreads to the left in Praseo until it meets a voiceless obstruent or a word boundary. Thus a word with a final nasal vowel which does not contain a voiceless obstruent, the ''entire'' word may be nasalized. As suggested by the vowel chart above, vowels in Praseo are lowered under nasalization, and the distinction between ''i'' and ''e'' is neutralized (though the orthography always presents the underlying nasalized front vowel as ''ẽ''). This applies to allophonically nasalized vowels as well as underlying nasalized vowels; however, allophonically nasalized ''i'' and ''u'' are generally spelled using the underlying vowel, if it can be recovered.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!align="center"|Orthography<br />
!align="center"|Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|ezande<br />
|align="center"|[ɛ̃zãnde]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|urhõ<br />
|align="center"|[urxɔ̃]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|zulõ<br />
|align="center"|[zɔ̃lɔ̃]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The word ''zulõ'' above provides an example of how the spelling of a vowel in the stem is unchanged under allophonic nasalization.<br />
<br />
== Voice assimilation ==<br />
<br />
Obstruent clusters in Praseo always agree in voice, and the first element in the cluster is changed to agree in voice with the second. (This does not occur with clusters of obstruents and sonorants, however.) This occasionally generates phones which do not otherwise occur, such as the voiced retroflex spirant [ʐ], an allophone of ''ś'', or the voiced palatal fricative [ʑ], an allophone of ''š''.<br />
<br />
== Affricate simplification ==<br />
<br />
If an affricate occurs in a consonant cluster, it is reduced to its fricative part. The spelling of the affricate is generally unchanged in this scenario. This ''does'' include clusters with sonorants, so that ''ačru'' is pronounced [aɕru].<br />
<br />
<!--- TODO: morphological alternations --></div>Jaspax